Landmark Cardiology Trials
Every trial that shaped the guidelines, with the caveats. Practice-changing trials organized by domain. Each entry carries the population and design, the pre-specified primary endpoint, the result with its numbers, the safety signal, what it changed in practice — and the limitation that keeps you honest at the bedside.
All categories184 ACS / STEMI / NSTE-ACS11 Chronic CAD & Revascularization10 Antithrombotic & DAPT11 Heart Failure — HFrEF14 Heart Failure — HFpEF7 Acute HF & Cardiogenic Shock12 Atrial Fibrillation12 Ventricular Arrhythmia & SCD2 Valvular — Aortic (TAVR/AVR)9 Valvular — Mitral & Tricuspid6 Anticoagulation & Reversal7 Lipid Therapy14 Hypertension11 Diabetes / Obesity / GLP-1 / SGLT2i10 Cardiomyopathies (HCM, Amyloid)9 Pulmonary Hypertension6 Preventive & Anti-inflammatory8 Cardiac Arrest & Post-Arrest8 Cardio-Oncology4 Devices — Pacing, CRT, ICD9 Anemia & Transfusion in ACS4
Showing 184 of 184 trials
ACS / STEMI / NSTE-ACS 11 trials COMPLETE STEMI with multivessel coronary disease and successful culprit-lesion PCI. Non-culprit lesions had to be ≥70% angiographic stenosis, or 50–69% with FFR ≤0.80. Cardiogenic shock was excluded.
FULL REVASC STEMI, or high-risk NSTEMI, with multivessel coronary disease after successful culprit-lesion PCI.
CULPRIT-SHOCK 706 patients with multivessel coronary disease and acute MI complicated by cardiogenic shock.
REBOOT-CNIC Patients after acute myocardial infarction with LVEF >40% — that is, mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction — and no indication for beta-blockade on other grounds.
BETAMI-DANBLOCK Patients after acute MI with LVEF ≥40% and no clinical heart failure.
REDUCE-AMI Patients with acute MI who underwent coronary angiography and had preserved LVEF ≥50%.
ISIS-2 Suspected acute MI presenting within 24 hours (median 5h) of symptom onset.
GUSTO-I Acute MI with ST-elevation presenting within 6 hours of symptom onset.
CURE UA/NSTEMI patients within 24h of symptom onset.
TRITON-TIMI 38 Moderate-to-high-risk ACS (with or without ST-elevation) undergoing planned PCI.
PLATO ACS patients (37.5% STEMI) with or without ST-elevation.
Chronic CAD & Revascularization 10 trials ISCHEMIA 5,179 patients with stable coronary disease and moderate-to-severe ischemia on stress testing.
ISCHEMIA-EXTEND The original ISCHEMIA participants, followed to a median of 5.7 years.
FAME 3 Three-vessel coronary disease (≥50% stenosis in all three major vessels) without left main involvement, judged suitable for either revascularisation strategy by the Heart Team.
EXCEL 1,905 patients with left main coronary disease and low-to-intermediate SYNTAX score.
NOBLE Left main coronary disease considered suitable for either PCI or surgery, with predominantly low or intermediate SYNTAX scores.
SYNTAX / SYNTAXES 1,800 randomized (of 3,075 screened) with previously untreated three-vessel or left main coronary disease, all candidates for either strategy.
FREEDOM 1,900 patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary disease.
SCOT-HEART Patients referred to a Scottish cardiology clinic with stable chest pain of suspected coronary origin.
PROMISE Symptomatic outpatients with stable chest pain requiring non-emergent testing for suspected coronary disease.
ORBITA Stable angina on medical therapy with severe single-vessel coronary stenosis.
Antithrombotic & DAPT 11 trials ISAR-REACT 5 Acute coronary syndrome — STEMI, NSTEMI, or unstable angina — with a planned invasive strategy.
NEO-MINDSET Patients undergoing PCI for acute coronary syndrome.
TWILIGHT 9,006 patients undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stents at high bleeding or ischaemic risk (about 65% with ACS). Of these, 7,119 who completed 3 months of ticagrelor plus aspirin without a major bleeding or ischaemic event were randomised.
TICO Acute coronary syndrome treated with PCI using ultrathin bioresorbable-polymer sirolimus-eluting stents, in South Korea.
MASTER DAPT Patients at high bleeding risk who had undergone PCI with a biodegradable-polymer sirolimus-eluting stent and completed 1 month of DAPT event-free.
ADAPT AF-DES Atrial fibrillation requiring anticoagulation, at least 6 months after PCI with a drug-eluting stent. STEMI and very high ischaemic risk were excluded.
OPTIMA-AF Atrial fibrillation requiring long-term anticoagulation following PCI.
AUGUSTUS 4,614 patients with atrial fibrillation and a recent ACS or PCI, all on a P2Y12 inhibitor.
COMPASS 27,395 patients with stable coronary or peripheral artery disease.
PEGASUS-TIMI 54 Patients with a myocardial infarction 1–3 years earlier, aged ≥50, on aspirin, with at least one additional risk factor (age ≥65, diabetes, second prior MI, multivessel CAD, or CKD).
DAPT Study Patients who had completed 12 months of DAPT after coronary stenting without a major bleeding or ischaemic event — an event-free run-in cohort.
Heart Failure — HFrEF 14 trials PARADIGM-HF 8,442 patients with NYHA class II–IV HFrEF, LVEF ≤ 40% (later amended to ≤ 35%), and elevated natriuretic peptides.
DAPA-HF 4,744 patients with NYHA class II–IV HFrEF, LVEF ≤ 40%, with and without type 2 diabetes.
EMPEROR-Reduced 3,730 patients with NYHA class II–IV HFrEF, LVEF ≤ 40%.
VICTORIA 5,050 patients with symptomatic HFrEF (LVEF < 45%) and a recent worsening HF event (hospitalization or IV diuretic use within 6 months).
GALACTIC-HF Chronic HFrEF with LVEF ≤35%, NYHA class II–IV, on standard therapy — including a large proportion of patients hospitalised or recently hospitalised for heart failure.
SHIFT 6,558 patients with HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 35%), sinus rhythm, and resting heart rate ≥ 70 bpm despite guideline-directed therapy.
EMPHASIS-HF 2,737 patients with NYHA class II heart failure and LVEF ≤35% (or ≤30%, or 30–35% with QRS >130 ms), aged ≥55, on an ACE inhibitor/ARB and a beta-blocker.
RALES 1,663 patients with NYHA class III–IV heart failure and LVEF ≤ 35%, already on an ACE inhibitor, loop diuretic, and digoxin if tolerated.
STRONG-HF Patients hospitalised for acute heart failure, not already on optimised oral therapy, ready for discharge and haemodynamically stable.
DIGIT-HF Symptomatic HFrEF on contemporary guideline-directed therapy: NYHA II with LVEF ≤30%, or NYHA III–IV with LVEF ≤40%.
IRONMAN Patients with heart failure and iron deficiency (ferritin <100 µg/L, or transferrin saturation <20%) with LVEF <45%.
HEART-FID HFrEF with LVEF ≤40% and iron deficiency, in the United States.
VICTOR Chronic HFrEF without a recent worsening heart failure event — no HF hospitalisation within 6 months and no outpatient IV diuretic within 3 months — on guideline-directed medical therapy. The deliberate mirror image of VICTORIA.
SOLVD Treatment Chronic heart failure with LVEF ≤35%.
Heart Failure — HFpEF 7 trials EMPEROR-Preserved Heart failure with LVEF >40%, NYHA class II–IV, elevated natriuretic peptides, with and without diabetes.
DELIVER Heart failure with LVEF >40%, including patients whose EF had previously been ≤40% and improved — a group excluded from most prior HFpEF trials.
PARAGON-HF HFpEF with LVEF ≥45%, elevated natriuretic peptides, structural heart disease, and NYHA class II–IV symptoms.
TOPCAT Symptomatic heart failure with LVEF ≥45%, elevated natriuretic peptides or a heart failure hospitalisation within 12 months.
FINEARTS-HF Heart failure with LVEF ≥40%, NYHA class II–IV, elevated natriuretic peptides, with recent worsening or ongoing symptoms.
STEP-HFpEF HFpEF with LVEF ≥45% and BMI ≥30 kg/m², without diabetes. The companion STEP-HFpEF DM trial covered the diabetic population.
SUMMIT HFpEF with LVEF ≥50% and BMI ≥30 kg/m², NYHA class II–IV, many with chronic kidney disease.
Acute HF & Cardiogenic Shock 12 trials DanGer Shock STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and prolonged coma were excluded — a selection choice that matters when comparing with earlier shock trials.
IABP-SHOCK II 600 patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction undergoing early revascularization.
PIONEER-HF 881 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HFrEF, hemodynamically stable after initial stabilization.
AFFIRM-AHF Patients hospitalised for acute heart failure with LVEF <50% and iron deficiency, treated at discharge.
DAPA ACT HF-TIMI 68 Patients hospitalised with acute decompensated heart failure, across the ejection fraction spectrum.
DOSE Patients hospitalised with acute decompensated heart failure on chronic oral loop diuretics.
ADVOR Acute decompensated heart failure with clinical volume overload on maintenance loop diuretics.
CLOROTIC Acute decompensated heart failure with residual congestion despite loop diuretic therapy — that is, diuretic resistance.
Altshock-2 Cardiogenic shock due to decompensated chronic heart failure — not acute MI, which distinguishes it from the AMI-shock trials.
ECMO-CS Rapidly deteriorating or severe cardiogenic shock — SCAI stage D or E.
ECLS-SHOCK Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock with planned early revascularisation.
SHOCK Trial Cardiogenic shock complicating acute MI due to LV failure.
Atrial Fibrillation 12 trials AFFIRM Atrial fibrillation with at least one risk factor for stroke or death, mean age 70 — an older cohort in which AF was largely asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic.
EAST-AFNET 4 2,789 patients with early atrial fibrillation (diagnosed within 1 year) and at least two additional cardiovascular risk factors.
CASTLE-AF 363 patients (of over 3,000 screened) with symptomatic AF and heart failure (LVEF ≤ 35%) with an ICD/CRT-D already in place.
CABANA 2,204 patients with atrial fibrillation requiring treatment, most with paroxysmal AF.
EARLY-AF Treatment-naïve symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation — no prior antiarrhythmic therapy.
PROTECT-AF / PREVAIL Non-valvular AF with an indication for anticoagulation — PROTECT-AF enrolled a broad CHADS₂ ≥1 population; PREVAIL enrolled higher-risk patients and more experienced operators.
PRAGUE-17 AF at high stroke and high bleeding risk — history of bleeding, or prior cardioembolic event on anticoagulation.
OPTION AF patients undergoing catheter ablation who have an indication for continued stroke prophylaxis.
CLOSURE-AF Atrial fibrillation at high bleeding risk — patients in whom long-term anticoagulation is problematic.
DECAF Patients with atrial fibrillation who habitually avoided caffeine.
AMALFI Community-dwelling adults aged 65 and over with no known atrial fibrillation, identified as at elevated risk.
RE-LY Non-valvular atrial fibrillation with at least one additional stroke risk factor. Excluded severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min) and mechanical valves.
Ventricular Arrhythmia & SCD 2 trials VANISH Ischaemic cardiomyopathy with an ICD and recurrent ventricular tachycardia despite antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
VANISH2 Prior myocardial infarction with an ICD and recurrent ventricular tachycardia, considered for a first-line strategy decision.
Valvular — Aortic (TAVR/AVR) 9 trials PARTNER 1A Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis at high surgical risk (STS score ≥10%) but still operable — the PARTNER 1 Cohort A population.
PARTNER 2 Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis at intermediate surgical risk (STS score 4–8%).
PARTNER 3 Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis at low surgical risk (STS score <4%), mean age 73, with anatomy suitable for transfemoral access.
Evolut Low Risk Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis at low surgical risk (STS score <3%), mean age 74.
EARLY TAVR Asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction and a negative treadmill stress test — patients guidelines would traditionally have watched.
AVATAR Asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis with normal LV ejection fraction and a negative exercise test.
RECOVERY Asymptomatic very severe aortic stenosis — aortic velocity ≥4.5 m/s or peak gradient ≥80 mmHg — with normal ejection fraction.
SMART Severe aortic stenosis with a small aortic annulus (annulus area ≤430 mm²) — predominantly women, in whom prosthesis–patient mismatch is a recurring problem.
PARTNER 1B Severe aortic stenosis in patients judged inoperable — not candidates for surgery at all. The PARTNER 1 Cohort B population.
Valvular — Mitral & Tricuspid 6 trials COAPT 614 patients with heart failure and moderate-to-severe or severe secondary mitral regurgitation who remained symptomatic despite maximally tolerated GDMT.
MITRA-FR Symptomatic heart failure with severe secondary mitral regurgitation (EROA >20 mm² or regurgitant volume >30 mL) and LVEF 15–40%. Note the lower MR severity threshold and larger ventricles than COAPT.
RESHAPE-HF 2 HFrEF with moderate-to-severe or severe secondary mitral regurgitation and persistent symptoms despite guideline-directed therapy — a population deliberately positioned between COAPT and MITRA-FR.
EVEREST II Moderate-to-severe or severe mitral regurgitation — 73% degenerative, 27% functional — in patients who were candidates for surgery.
TRILUMINATE Severe symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation at intermediate or greater surgical risk — a population historically left untreated because isolated tricuspid surgery carries high mortality.
TRISCEND II Severe symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation in patients at high risk for tricuspid surgery.
Anticoagulation & Reversal 7 trials ROCKET-AF 14,264 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at moderate-to-high stroke risk (mean CHADS2 ~3.5, higher than most other DOAC trials).
ARISTOTLE 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one additional stroke risk factor.
ENGAGE-AF-TIMI 48 21,105 patients with moderate-to-high-risk atrial fibrillation.
ANNEXA-4 Patients with acute major bleeding — about two-thirds intracranial — within 18 hours of taking a factor Xa inhibitor (apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or enoxaparin).
ANNEXA-I Acute intracerebral haemorrhage within 6 hours of onset, in patients who had taken a factor Xa inhibitor within 15 hours.
REVERSE-AD Patients on dabigatran with either uncontrolled or life-threatening bleeding (Group A) or requiring urgent surgery or an invasive procedure (Group B).
EINSTEIN-DVT Acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis without symptomatic pulmonary embolism.
Lipid Therapy 14 trials 4S Patients aged 35–70 with angina or previous MI and total cholesterol 5.5–8.0 mmol/L (212–309 mg/dL) on diet.
JUPITER Apparently healthy adults — men ≥50, women ≥60 — with LDL <130 mg/dL and hs-CRP ≥2.0 mg/L. Deliberately a population that would not qualify for a statin on lipids alone.
IMPROVE-IT Patients stabilised within 10 days of an acute coronary syndrome, with LDL 50–125 mg/dL.
FOURIER Patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL ≥70 mg/dL despite statin therapy.
ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Patients 1–12 months after an acute coronary syndrome with LDL ≥70 mg/dL, non-HDL ≥100, or apoB ≥80 mg/dL despite high-intensity or maximally tolerated statin.
CLEAR Outcomes Patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins at guideline-recommended doses because of unacceptable adverse effects — a genuinely statin-intolerant population, which is what makes this trial unusual.
ORION-10 & ORION-11 Two parallel trials: ORION-10 in patients with established ASCVD (US), and ORION-11 in ASCVD or an ASCVD risk-equivalent (Europe/South Africa), all with elevated LDL despite maximally tolerated statin.
REDUCE-IT Statin-treated patients with controlled LDL (41–100 mg/dL) and triglycerides 135–499 mg/dL; 71% had established cardiovascular disease, the rest had diabetes plus a risk factor.
STRENGTH Patients at high cardiovascular risk with hypertriglyceridaemia (200–499 mg/dL) and low HDL, on statin therapy.
FOURIER-OLE Patients who completed the parent FOURIER trial and its Norwegian/other extensions.
VESALIUS-CV Adults at high cardiovascular risk without prior MI or stroke — true primary prevention — approximately 85% on high- or moderate-intensity LDL-lowering therapy. A large diabetes subgroup was prespecified.
CORALreef Lipids Patients with ASCVD or at high cardiovascular risk with elevated LDL on background lipid therapy.
CORE-TIMI 72a/72b Patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia, including familial chylomicronaemia syndrome.
CTX310 (CRISPR) A first-in-human cohort of 15 patients with difficult-to-treat lipid disorders.
Hypertension 11 trials SPRINT 9,361 adults at increased cardiovascular risk with systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg, without diabetes or prior stroke.
ACCORD BP Type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk — a population explicitly excluded from SPRINT.
PATHWAY-2 Resistant hypertension — uncontrolled despite maximally tolerated doses of an ACE inhibitor or ARB, a calcium channel blocker, and a thiazide diuretic.
STEP Hypertensive patients aged 60–80 in China.
BPROAD Hypertension with type 2 diabetes at increased cardiovascular risk, in China — directly addressing the question ACCORD left unresolved.
ESPRIT Hypertension with high cardiovascular risk, in a Chinese multicentre population.
SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Hypertension with office systolic 150–180 mmHg, off all antihypertensive medication — designed to isolate the device effect without drug confounding.
SPYRAL HTN-ON MED Uncontrolled hypertension on one to three antihypertensive medications — the realistic clinical scenario for the device.
RADIANCE-HTN RADIANCE-HTN SOLO enrolled mild-to-moderate hypertension off medication; RADIANCE-HTN TRIO and RADIANCE II enrolled resistant hypertension on a fixed triple-drug combination.
BaxHTN Uncontrolled or resistant hypertension despite standard therapy.
KARDIA-1 / KARDIA-2 Hypertension — KARDIA-1 in patients off or on limited therapy; KARDIA-2 as add-on to a background antihypertensive.
Diabetes / Obesity / GLP-1 / SGLT2i 10 trials EMPA-REG OUTCOME 7,020 patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease.
CANVAS Type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease (66%) or at high cardiovascular risk. Pooled analysis of the CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials.
DECLARE-TIMI 58 Type 2 diabetes with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (41%) or multiple risk factors only (59%) — a substantially lower-risk, more primary-prevention population than EMPA-REG or CANVAS.
LEADER 9,340 patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, most with established CVD.
SUSTAIN-6 Type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk — 83% with established cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease.
REWIND Type 2 diabetes with either established cardiovascular disease (31%) or cardiovascular risk factors only (69%) — the most primary-prevention-weighted of the GLP-1 outcome trials. Median age 66, and over half were women.
SELECT Established cardiovascular disease with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥27) and NO diabetes — deliberately excluding diabetes to isolate the effect of treating obesity itself.
FLOW Type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease — eGFR 50–75 with UACR >300, or eGFR 25–50 with UACR >100.
SOUL Type 2 diabetes with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, or both.
SURPASS-CVOT Type 2 diabetes with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Cardiomyopathies (HCM, Amyloid) 9 trials ATTR-ACT Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy — wild-type or hereditary — with NYHA class I–III symptoms.
ATTRibute-CM Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, wild-type or variant, NYHA class I–III.
HELIOS-B Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, including patients already receiving tafamidis at baseline.
APOLLO-B Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, wild-type or hereditary.
EXPLORER-HCM Symptomatic obstructive HCM — LVOT gradient ≥50 mmHg at rest or with provocation — NYHA class II–III, with LVEF ≥55%.
VALOR-HCM Symptomatic obstructive HCM patients who had been formally referred for septal reduction therapy — myectomy or alcohol septal ablation. A population at the end of the medical pathway.
SEQUOIA-HCM Symptomatic obstructive HCM, NYHA class II–III, with LVOT gradient ≥30 mmHg at rest or ≥50 mmHg provoked.
MAPLE-HCM Symptomatic obstructive HCM.
REDWOOD-HCM Symptomatic obstructive HCM with resting or provoked LVOT gradient, across two sequential cohorts.
Pulmonary Hypertension 6 trials STELLAR Pulmonary arterial hypertension, WHO functional class II–III, already on stable background PAH therapy — 61% on triple therapy including a prostacyclin.
ZENITH Pulmonary arterial hypertension at high risk of mortality — WHO functional class III–IV on maximal background therapy, including parenteral prostacyclin.
AMBITION Treatment-naïve pulmonary arterial hypertension, WHO functional class II–III.
GRIPHON Pulmonary arterial hypertension, WHO functional class II–III; about 80% were already on background ERA and/or PDE5 inhibitor therapy.
SERAPHIN Pulmonary arterial hypertension, WHO functional class II–IV; roughly 64% were on background PAH therapy.
CHEST-1 Inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), or persistent/recurrent pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary endarterectomy.
Preventive & Anti-inflammatory 8 trials CLEAR SYNERGY (OASIS-9) Post-MI patients
COLCOT 4,745 patients within 30 days of a myocardial infarction.
LoDoCo2 Chronic coronary disease, clinically stable for at least 6 months, with a run-in period to exclude those intolerant of colchicine.
CANTOS 10,061 patients with a prior myocardial infarction and persistently elevated hs-CRP (≥ 2 mg/L) despite statin therapy.
CIRT Prior MI or multivessel coronary disease, plus type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome — selected for the inflammatory phenotype.
ASCEND Diabetes mellitus without established cardiovascular disease — a primary prevention population aged ≥40.
ASPREE Healthy, independent older adults — aged ≥70, or ≥65 for Black and Hispanic participants — with no cardiovascular disease, dementia, or physical disability.
ARRIVE Adults at moderate estimated cardiovascular risk without diabetes or prior cardiovascular disease.
Cardiac Arrest & Post-Arrest 8 trials TTM OHCA with ROSC, comatose
TTM2 Comatose adults after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause.
HYPERION Comatose survivors of cardiac arrest with a non-shockable initial rhythm — asystole or PEA — from either in-hospital or out-of-hospital arrest. A population excluded or under-represented in earlier trials.
COACT Successfully resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm and no ST-elevation on post-resuscitation ECG.
TOMAHAWK Resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-elevation, including both shockable and non-shockable rhythms — a broader population than COACT.
DISCO Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-elevation, in Sweden.
ARREST (Minnesota) Adults with refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless VT out-of-hospital cardiac arrest — no ROSC after three defibrillation attempts.
HACA Witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to VF/pulseless VT with ROSC.
Cardio-Oncology 4 trials SUCCOUR Patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab, with at least one cardiovascular risk factor.
CARDIOTOX Patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic cancer therapy, followed prospectively in a structured cardio-oncology programme.
PRADA Early breast cancer receiving anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy (with or without trastuzumab/radiation).
STOP-CA Lymphoma patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
Devices — Pacing, CRT, ICD 9 trials DANISH 1,116 patients with symptomatic nonischemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF ≤ 35%.
MADIT-II 1,232 patients with a prior myocardial infarction and LVEF ≤ 30%, without a pacing indication or history of sustained ventricular arrhythmia.
SCD-HeFT 2,521 patients with NYHA class II–III heart failure (ischemic or nonischemic) and LVEF ≤ 35%.
PRAETORIAN Patients with a Class I or IIa ICD indication and no need for bradycardia pacing, cardiac resynchronisation, or antitachycardia pacing.
VEST Patients within 7 days of MI with LVEF ≤35% — the early post-infarct window during which an ICD is not yet indicated.
LBBP-RESYNC Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction meeting conventional criteria for cardiac resynchronisation therapy.
MADIT-CRT Mildly symptomatic heart failure — NYHA class I–II — with LVEF ≤30% and QRS ≥130 ms.
COMPANION Advanced heart failure — NYHA class III–IV — with LVEF ≤35%, QRS ≥120 ms, and a heart failure hospitalisation in the previous year.
CARE-HF NYHA class III–IV heart failure with LVEF ≤35%, QRS ≥120 ms, and echocardiographic evidence of dyssynchrony where QRS was 120–149 ms.
Anemia & Transfusion in ACS 4 trials MINT Patients with acute myocardial infarction (type 1 or type 2) and hemoglobin <10 g/dL, enrolled at 144 sites internationally (US, Canada, France, Brazil, New Zealand, Australia).
REALITY Patients with acute myocardial infarction and hemoglobin 7-10 g/dL, enrolled at 35 hospitals in France and Spain.
MINT Pilot Patients with STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina, or stable CAD undergoing catheterization, with hemoglobin <10 g/dL, at multiple US sites.
CRIT Patients with acute myocardial infarction and hematocrit ≤30% (roughly Hgb ≤10 g/dL) at a single US center.