Cardiac MRI
Tissue characterization is what CMR does that nothing else can.
How LGE Imaging Works
Gadolinium-based contrast agents are extracellular and do not enter viable myocytes with intact cell membranes, so they distribute preferentially into regions with an expanded extracellular space, such as fibrosis, scar, or infiltrative disease. The late gadolinium enhancement sequence uses an inversion recovery pulse timed to null (make black) normal myocardium, so that abnormal regions with delayed contrast washout and shortened T1 appear bright by comparison roughly 10-15 minutes after contrast administration. This is why LGE identifies structural fibrosis or scar rather than active ischemia per se, and why the inversion time must be adjusted individually to properly null normal myocardium.
Core Sequences
Ischemic vs. Non-Ischemic LGE
Ischemic: subendocardial or transmural, in coronary distribution. Non-ischemic: mid-wall (DCM, myocarditis), epicardial (sarcoid, myocarditis), diffuse subendocardial (amyloid).